Dor mamário em lactantes: prevalência e factores associados / Breast pain in breastfeeding mothers: prevalence and associated factors

Introdução: Apesar dos benefícios reconhecidos cientificamente do aleitamento materno, o desmame precoce ainda é uma realidade, sendo relacionado a causas multifatoriais, incluindo os problemas mamários, que podem dificultar ou até interromper esse processo. Objetivo: estimar a prevalência da dor mamária e os seus fatores associados em lactantes usuárias de um Banco de Leite Humano. Materiais e métodos: estudo transversal baseado nos dados secundários de registro dos atendimentos especializados ocorridos entre janeiro de 2017 a dezembro de 2018, no Banco de Leite Humano do Hospital Universitário da Universidade Federal do Maranhão (HUUFMA). Os dados foram coletados entre os meses de setembro e novembro de 2019, por meio de um formulário, reproduzindo as informações das fichas de atendimento, gerando posteriormente uma tabela em Microsoft Excel, analisada pelo programa Stata versão 14. Utilizou-se o teste Qui-quidrado de Pearson. Adotou-se nível de significância <0,05. A pesquisa obteve anuência do Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa (CEP) via Plataforma Brasil, sob o n°16782719.8.0000.5086. Resultados: foram analisadas variáveis sociodemográficas e obstétricas das lactantes. A prevalência do auto relato de dor mamária foi percebida em 20,7% dos casos. Houve associação estatisticamente significativa entre as variáveis "estado civil" e "tipo de parto". Conclusão: Apesar da baixa prevalência de dor mamária, as gestantes devem ser orientadas de forma a evitá-la. Revelou-se a ausência dessas orientações no pré-natal, especialmente nos serviços privados de saúde, onde não existem protocolos de atendimento pela Enfermagem.

Introduction: While breastfeeding benefits have been widely recognized by science, early weaning continues to happen as a situation that is associated with multiple causes, including breast problems, which can hinder or even interrupt lactation. Objective: To estimate the prevalence of breast pain and associated factors for breastfeeding mothers who are users of a breast milk bank. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted based on secondary data collected through specialized healthcare activity records at the Human Milk Bank of the University Hospital of the Federal University of Maranhão (HU-UFMA) between January 2017 and December 2018. Data were collected through a questionnaire between September and November 2019 subsequently entered into a table in an Excel spreadsheet to be analyzed using Stata 14. Pearson's chi-squared test was used and a significance level of 0.05 was followed. The research was approved by the Research Ethics Committee through Plataforma Brasil under approval number 16782719.8.0000.5086. Results: Sociodemographic and obstetric variables of breastfeeding mothers were analyzed, showing a prevalence of self-reported breast pain in 20.7% of the cases. A statistically significant association was found between variables "marital status" and "type of childbirth delivery". Conclusion: Although the prevalence of breast pain is relatively low, guidance on breastfeeding should be given to pregnant mothers to avoid it. Therefore, it was evident the lack of these orientations at the prenatal level, especially in private healthcare services where nursing care protocol do not exist.

Introducción: Aunque los beneficios de la lactancia materna han sido reconocidos ampliamente por la comunidad científica, el destete precoz siendo una realidad que está asociado a múltiples causas, entre ellas, los problemas mamarios, que pueden dificultar o incluso llegar a interrumpir el proceso de lactancia. Objetivo: Estimar la prevalencia del dolor mamario y sus factores asociados en las madres lactantes usuarias de un banco de leche materna. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal con base en los datos secundarios obtenidos a través de los registros de actividad de atención sanitaria especializada que tuvieron lugar en el Banco de Leche Humana del Hospital Universitario de la Universidad Federal de Maranhão (HU-UFMA) entre enero de 2017 y diciembre de 2018. Los datos fueron recolectados entre septiembre y noviembre de 2019 a través de un cuestionario y posteriormente ingresados en una tabla de Microsoft Excel para su análisis con Stata 14. Se usó la prueba de chi-cuadrado de Pearson y se adoptó un nivel de significancia de <0.05. La investigación fue aprobada por el Comité de Ética en Investigación (CEI) a través de la Plataforma Brasil con el número 16782719.8.0000.5086. Resultados: Se analizaron las variables sociodemográficas y obstétricas de las madres lactantes entre las que se observó una prevalencia del autorreporte de dolor mamario en el 20.7% de los casos. Se encontró una asociación estadísticamente significativa entre las variables "estado civil" y "tipo de parto". Conclusión: Si bien la prevalencia del dolor mamario es baja, se debe brindar orientación sobre este tema a las madres gestantes para tratar de evitarlo. En este sentido, se puso de manifiesto la falta de estas orientaciones a nivel prenatal, especialmente en los servicios privados de salud donde no existen protocolos de atención por parte del equipo de enfermería.

How the 'plates' of a health system can shift, change and adjust during economic recessions: A qualitative interview study of public and private health providers in Brazil's São Paulo and Maranhão states.

BACKGROUND: Economic recessions carry an impact on population health and access to care; less is known on how health systems adapt to the conditions brought by a downturn. This particularly matters now that the COVID-19 epidemic is putting health systems under stress. Brazil is one of the world's most affected countries, and its health system was already experiencing the aftermath of the 2015 recession. METHODS: Between 2018 and 2019 we conducted 46 semi-structured interviews with health practitioners, managers and policy-makers to explore the impact of the 2015 recession on public and private providers in prosperous (São Paulo) and impoverished (Maranhão) states in Brazil. Thematic analysis was employed to identify drivers and consequences of system adaptation and coping strategies. Nvivo software was used to aid data collection and analysis. We followed the Standards for Reporting Qualitative Research to provide an account of the findings. RESULTS: We found the concept of 'health sector crisis' to be politically charged among healthcare providers in São Paulo and Maranhão. Contrary to expectations, the public sector was reported to have found ways to compensate for diminishing federal funding, having outsourced services and adopted flexible-if insecure-working arrangements. Following a drop in employment and health plans, private health insurance companies have streamlined their offer, at times at the expenses of coverage. Low-cost walk-in clinics were hit hard by the recession, but were also credited for having moved to cater for higher-income customers in Maranhão. CONCLUSIONS: The 'plates' of a health system may shift and adjust in unexpected ways in response to recessions, and some of these changes might outlast the crisis. As low-income countries enter post-COVID economic recessions, it will be important to monitor the adjustments taking place in health systems, to ensure that past gains in access to care and job security are not eroded.

The differential impact of economic recessions on health systems in middle-income settings: a comparative case study of unequal states in Brazil.

Introduction: Although economic crises are common in low/middle-income countries (LMICs), the evidence of their impact on health systems is still scant. We conducted a comparative case study of Maranhão and São Paulo, two unevenly developed states in Brazil, to explore the health financing and system performance changes brought in by its 2014-2015 economic recession. Methods: Drawing from economic and health system research literature, we designed a conceptual framework exploring the links between macroeconomic factors, labour markets, demand and supply of health services and system performance. We used data from the National Health Accounts and National Household Sample Survey to examine changes in Brazil's health spending over the 2010-2018 period. Data from the National Agency of Supplementary Health database and the public health budget information system were employed to compare and contrast health financing and system performance of São Paulo and Maranhão. Results: Our analysis shows that Brazil's macroeconomic conditions deteriorated across the board after 2015-2016, with São Paulo's economy experiencing a wider setback than Maranhão's. We showed how public health expenditures flattened, while private health insurance expenditures increased due to the recession. Public financing patterns differed across the two states, as health funding in Maranhão continued to grow after the crisis years, as it was propped up by transfers to local governments. While public sector staff and beds per capita in Maranhão were not affected by the crisis, a decrease in public physicians was observed in São Paulo. Conclusion: Our case study suggests that in a complex heterogeneous system, economic recessions reverberate unequally across its parts, as the effects are mediated by private spending, structure of the market and adjustments in public financing. Policies aimed at mitigating the effects of recessions in LMICs will need to take such differences into account.